IN THE CASE OF
UNITED STATES, Appellee
v.
Darrell R. Stirewalt, Health Services Technician Second Class
No. 03-0433
Crim. App. No. 1098
Argued
Decided
ERDMANN, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in
which
GIERKE, EFFRON, and BAKER, JJ., joined. CRAWFORD, C.J., filed a
separate opinion concurring in part and in the result
Counsel
For Appellant: Lieutenant Commander Nancy J. Truax (argued); Lieutenant Laurina M. Spolidoro.
For Appellee: Lieutenant Sandra J. Miracle (argued);
Lieutenant Commander John S. Luce Jr.
Military Judge: W. J. Dunaway
This opinion is subject to
editorial
correction before final publication.
Judge ERDMANN delivered the opinion of the Court.
Health Services Technician Second Class (E-5) Darrell Stirewalt was convicted of a number of offenses involving his female shipmates. Before this Court Stirewalt argues that his prosecution was tainted with unlawful command influence, that the investigating officer had an impermissible conflict of interest and that his conviction for sodomy violated the Fifth Amendment. We affirm the decision of the Coast Guard Court of Criminal Appeals.
PROCEDURAL
BACKGROUND
As this case has a long and complex procedural history, a brief review of that procedure is helpful in providing a contextual basis for this decision.
A. The Initial Trial
Stirewalt was originally tried by a general court-martial and was convicted of four specifications of maltreatment by sexual harassment, one specification of rape, one specification of forcible sodomy, three specifications of assault consummated by a battery, four specifications of adultery and four specifications of indecent assault. Prior to sentencing, the military judge dismissed two specifications of maltreatment, two specifications of assault consummated by a battery and one specification of adultery. The members sentenced Stirewalt to a dishonorable discharge, ten years’ confinement, forfeiture of all pay and allowances and reduction to the lowest enlisted grade.
B. The Initial Court of Criminal Appeals Appeal
Stirewalt’s conviction and sentence
were reviewed by the
Coast Guard Court of Criminal Appeals under Article 66(c), Uniform Code
of
Military Justice [UCMJ], 10 U.S.C. § 866(c) (2000).
The Court of Criminal Appeals found that the
military judge had erred in excluding certain testimony under the "rape
shield" provisions of Military Rule of Evidence 412.
See
C. The Rehearing -- Motion to Dismiss
The case was returned to the convening authority for a rehearing on sentence and, if practicable, a rehearing on the charges that had been set aside. The convening authority ultimately referred all of the charges that the Court of Criminal Appeals had set aside to a general court-martial for rehearing.
Based on evidence discovered after his first trial, Stirewalt moved to dismiss all of the charges referred for retrial on the grounds of unlawful command influence. Stirewalt contended that (1) the original decision to request an investigation of the charges pursuant to Article 32, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 832 (2000) was tainted by unlawful command influence; (2) witnesses had been discouraged from coming forward on his behalf; (3) actions of the command had tainted the member pool; and (4) the Article 32 investigating officer lacked independence and later improperly acted as the staff judge advocate in providing advice on the case.
Although the military judge denied Stirewalt's motion to dismiss, he did order several remedial measures that he characterized as "necessary to ensure that the accused receives a fair trial and to restore the public confidence in the present case." The military judge found no unlawful command influence in terms of the initial referral of the charges or any "taint" of the member pool, but he did conclude that the Government had failed to demonstrate beyond a reasonable doubt that improper interference with witnesses had not occurred. He also found that the Article 32 investigating officer "was not aggressive enough in his attempts to shield himself from subsequent action on the same case that he served as the [investigating officer]."
In light of those conclusions the military judge ordered that certain steps be taken to ensure full access to witnesses by the defense and that the convening authority designate a new place of trial. He also ordered that the Article 32 investigating officer take no further steps with regard to the case and remove himself from the rating chain of the assistant trial counsel.
D. Interlocutory Request for Extraordinary Relief
In response to the military judge's ruling, Stirewalt filed a petition for a writ of mandamus with the Court of Criminal Appeals. He asked the court for an order either directing the convening authority to withdraw and dismiss the charges on grounds of unlawful command influence or, alternatively, disqualifying the convening authority and appointing a substitute convening authority. The Court of Criminal Appeals denied Stirewalt's petition and "approve[d] the military judge's findings, his denial of the motion below, and the actions ordered by him to facilitate a fair rehearing and to restore public confidence in the case." See Stirewalt v. Pluta, 54 M.J. 925, 927 (C.G. Ct. Crim. App. 2001).
E. Rehearing and Disposition
The matter was returned for rehearing and Stirewalt elected a trial by military judge alone. In accordance with the terms of a pretrial agreement, Stirewalt pleaded guilty in March 2001 to one specification of sodomy under Article 125, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 925 (2000). Pursuant to the pretrial agreement, the Government dismissed with prejudice the rape, forcible sodomy, assault and indecent assault charges.
At that point, Stirewalt stood convicted of sexual harassment, adultery and indecent assault from his first trial and of sodomy from the rehearing. The military judge sentenced Stirewalt to 90 days’ confinement, reduction in pay grade to E-4, and a reprimand. The convening authority approved the sentence.
F. Second Court of Criminal Appeals Decision
The
Court of
Criminal Appeals again reviewed the matter under Article 66(c), UCMJ. Stirewalt raised
seven assignments of error, six of which the court viewed as having
already
been addressed and disposed of in its earlier decisions in the case. See
Stirewalt then petitioned this Court for review
of his case
under Article 67(a)(3), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. §
867(a)(3)
(2000). His defense counsel assigned six
errors and he individually asserted seven errors pursuant to
I. WHETHER A SUBORDINATE COMMANDER CAN BE SAID TO HAVE EXERCISED INDEPENDENT JUDGMENT WHEN THE COMMANDER'S THIRD LEVEL SUPERVISOR "FORCEFULLY" ADVISED THE COMMANDER THAT APPELLANT'S CHARGES WERE "TOO SERIOUS" TO BE HANDLED AT NJP OR SPECIAL COURT-MARTIAL AND "NEEDED TO BE HEARD . . . BY AN UNLIMITED TRIBUNAL."
II. WHETHER APPELLANT WAS PREJUDICED WHEN THE INVESTIGATING OFFICER VIOLATED UCMJ ARTICLE 6(c) AND R.C.M. 405(d)(1) BY PROVIDING EX PARTE ADVICE TO BOTH THE CONVENING AUTHORITY AND THE STAFF JUDGE ADVOCATE UPON REMAND FROM THE LOWER COURT.
III. WHETHER
APPELLANT'S CONVICTION FOR ADULT, CONSENSUAL SODOMY VIOLATES
HIS VITAL INTEREST IN
We find that Stirewalt’s commander exercised independent discretion in requesting an Article 32 investigation, that Stirewalt was not prejudiced by the subsequent involvement of the investigating officer in his case and that his conviction of sodomy did not infringe on his liberty interest under the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment.
DISCUSSION
A. The Initial Investigation and Referral of Charges
Stirewalt served as the health services technician on the USCGS SWEETGUM, a Coast Guard cutter under the command of Lieutenant Commander Crawley. Stirewalt argues that Lieutenant Commander Crawley's decision to request an Article 32 investigation of the allegations and his subsequent decision to recommend referral of the charges to a general court-martial were improperly influenced by the Chief of Staff for the Eighth Coast Guard District, Captain Prokop.
This
contention was one of several claims of unlawful command influence that
were
litigated before the military judge at the rehearing and was addressed
in the
judge’s "Essential Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law." Where the issue of unlawful command influence
has been litigated on the record, we review the military judge's
findings of
fact under a clearly erroneous standard.
The military judge found that the initial allegations of misconduct against Stirewalt were brought forward by three crewmembers. Upon learning of the allegations, Lieutenant Commander Crawley notified the Coast Guard Investigative Service (CGIS). An agent from CGIS was dispatched to the SWEETGUM within a day and had briefed Lieutenant Commander Crawley with his preliminary results within the week. Lieutenant Commander Crawley then contacted Captain Bohner, his immediate supervisor, who in turn contacted his supervisor, Captain Gerfin, the Eighth District Chief of Operations. These two officers ultimately briefed Captain Prokop, the Eighth Coast Guard District Chief of Staff.
The
military judge
found that all four officers then participated in two telephone
conferences
concerning the allegations against Stirewalt. Lieutenant Commander Crawley told the other
officers that he had informed CGIS of the allegations, that an
investigation
was ongoing and that he was considering his options for handling the
situation.
The military judge found that Captain Prokop "very clearly and forcefully made his opinion known during the phone calls that the allegations were too serious to go to captain's mast and that they warranted an airing at an Article 32." He also found, however, that Captain Gerfin made it clear to Lieutenant Commander Crawley that the decision as to the disposition of the case was his to make.
The factual basis for Stirewalt's claim is the military judge's finding that Captain Prokop "very clearly and forcefully" expressed his opinion concerning the seriousness of the charges and the need for an Article 32 investigation. As recognized by the military judge, the legal significance of that statement must be assessed against the broader context in which it occurred.
The
statement was
made during discussions that were initiated by Lieutenant Commander
Crawley,
the subordinate commander. There is
nothing inherently suspect about an officer in Lieutenant Commander
Crawley's
position electing to consult with his chain of command concerning
potential
investigative and procedural options when faced with allegations of
serious
misconduct. Without Captain Prokop's statement,
Neither
Lieutenant
Commander Crawley nor Captain Prokop had
any specific
recollection of the telephone conversation at issue.
The only clear recollection of either the
phone conversation or Captain Prokop’s
comment came
from Captain Gerfin, an intermediate
commander, who
knew both
The military judge recognized that Captain Prokop's statement, "viewed in a void" could be seen as unlawful command influence. That void was filled, however, with extensive fact-finding regarding the context in which it was made and a thorough legal analysis which resulted in the military judge’s findings and conclusions that unlawful command influence had not occurred. We do not view the military judge's findings of fact on this issue as "clearly erroneous," nor do we view those facts as supporting a de novo conclusion on our part that unlawful command influence flowed from those facts. Johnson, 54 M.J. at 34.
B. The Role of the Investigating Officer
Stirewalt asserts that he was prejudiced by the subsequent involvement of the original investigating officer in his court-martial rehearing process. As with the first issue, this claim was litigated before the military judge at the rehearing and was addressed in his "Essential Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law."
The facts underlying this claim are not disputed. After Lieutenant Commander Crawley decided to proceed with an Article 32 investigation, the Eighth Coast Guard District identified Commander Baumgartner as a prospective investigating officer. Commander Baumgartner did not serve in the Eighth District and, once identified, was properly appointed by Lieutenant Commander Crawley. He subsequently presided over the Article 32 hearing process, completed a report of the investigation and forwarded it to Lieutenant Commander Crawley with a recommendation that the matter proceed to a general court-martial.
Unfortunately that was not the end of Commander Baumgartner's involvement in Stirewalt's court-martial. He was subsequently transferred to the Eighth District legal office and was serving as the acting staff judge advocate (SJA) when the Coast Guard Court of Criminal Appeals issued its initial decision reversing portions of Stirewalt’s original conviction.
The military judge made the following findings of fact concerning the nature of Commander Baumgartner’s subsequent involvement in Stirewalt's case:
• He attended and participated in a meeting with the Commander of the Eighth District where decisions were made concerning the case. He was present at the meeting because he, as the Article 32 investigating officer, knew the facts of the case.
• He was the acting SJA when asked to provide an opinion on whether the SJA should appeal the decision to CAAF.
• Several e-mails sent to and from Commander Baumgartner indicate that he served as the Eighth District legal office's point of contact for Stirewalt's case.
• He routinely held himself out as part of the Eighth District legal team in matters pertaining to Stirewalt's case by using the word "we."
• He supervised the assistant trial counsel and the law clerk who worked on Stirewalt's case.
• He had been responsible for some of the logistics in Stirewalt's case, including budget, assignment of counsel and docketing matters.
• He shared advice and information about the Stirewalt case with the senior legal officer at the Eighth District.
The military judge ultimately determined that "Commander Baumgartner was not aggressive enough in his attempts to shield himself from subsequent action on the same case that he served as the IO." He went on to order that Commander Baumgartner take no further action regarding the case and that he remove himself from the rating chain for the assistant trial counsel.
While the Court of Criminal Appeals recognized that Commander Baumgartner's actions "may constitute a departure from the requirements of Article 6(c), UCMJ, and [Rule for Courts-Martial 405 [R.C.M.]]," it found no prejudicial error. Based on the record before us, we agree with the Court of Criminal Appeals that Stirewalt has not established that he was prejudiced by the subsequent involvement of Commander Baumgartner.
There is no question that Commander Baumgartner's actions violated R.C.M. 405(d)(1). That rule unambiguously states that "[an] investigating officer is disqualified to act later in the same case in any other capacity." A violation of R.C.M. 405(d)(1), however, must be measured for prejudice and since Stirewalt has not established that he was prejudiced, he cannot prevail on this issue. United States v. Holt, 52 M.J. 173, 183-84 (C.A.A.F. 1999)(actions of investigating officer inconsistent with R.C.M. 405(d)(1) measured for prejudice).
The
question as to
whether Commander Baumgartner's actions violated Article 6(c), UCMJ, is
not
quite as clear. That provision states
that no person who acts as a member, judge, counsel or investigating
officer "may
later act as a staff judge advocate or legal officer to any reviewing
authority
upon the same case."
In order to prevail under Article 6(c) Stirewalt must convince us that Article 6(c) is applicable to this factual situation and further, that where an Article 6(c) violation has been established, prejudice can be presumed.
As recognized by Stirewalt, this Court has not clearly determined whether the term "reviewing authority" in Article 6(c) applies to the activities of a convening authority throughout all stages of the court-martial process, or simply to the latter stages of the process where the convening authority is engaged in "reviewing" the results of the court-martial. In United States v. Dodge, 13 C.M.A. 525, 527 n.1, 33 C.M.R. 57, 59 n.1 (1963) we noted that the term "reviewing authority" was used interchangeably with the term "convening authority" and assumed, for purposes of that case, that Article 6(c) would prohibit an investigating officer from subsequently acting as a staff judge advocate in preparing a pretrial advice.
Just
two weeks
later, however, we characterized a similar argument concerning the
scope of the
Article 6(c) prohibition as "pure speculation."
We
believe that the rationale in Hardin correctly reflects the
intent of
Article 6(c). The plain language of the
provision states that it applies to a staff judge advocate acting for a
reviewing authority. All of the
instances where we have found violations of Article 6(c) involve
subsequent
actions for a reviewing authority. See,
e.g.,
United States v. Edwards, 45 M.J. 114, 116 (C.A.A.F. 1996); Jolliff, 22 C.M.A. 95, 46 C.M.R. 95; United
States v. Marsh, 20 C.M.A. 42, 42 C.M.R. 234 (1970); United
States v. Crunk, 4 C.M.A. 290, 15
C.M.R. 290 (1954); Coulter,
3 C.M.A. 657, 14 C.M.R. 75.
When this matter was remanded, the options
for the convening authority were limited by the appellate court to
ordering a
rehearing on findings and sentence, or a rehearing on sentence alone. 53 M.J. at 592. The convening authority did not have the
option of reassessing the sentence or any option which would trigger
the type
of "reviewing authority" functions referenced in Article 6(c). By the very nature of the remand, Commander
Baumgartner's subsequent involvement was limited to providing pre-trial
advice
rather than advice to a reviewing authority.
While we can envision situations where a case has been remanded to a convening authority with no such limitations, which may trigger the consideration of “reviewing authority” functions, that is not the situation here. As Commander Baumgartner’s subsequent participation in this case did not involve a “reviewing authority,” Article 6(c) is not applicable to this factual situation and we need not address the issue as to whether prejudice is presumed under Article 6(c).
C. Constitutionality of Sodomy Conviction
At his rehearing, Stirewalt entered a guilty plea and was convicted of one specification of sodomy under Article 125, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 925 (2000). He now contends that his guilty plea and conviction should be set aside in light of the United States Supreme Court's decision in Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558 (2003).
The
specification that Stirewalt stands
convicted under originally alleged that he
“did, at or near
[o]n
the late evening of
We
recently
concluded in United States v. Marcum, 60 M.J. 198 (C.A.A.F.
2004), that constitutional challenges to Article
125 based on the Supreme Court’s decision in Lawrence must be
addressed
on an as applied, case-by-case basis. We
identified a tripartite framework for addressing
First,
was the conduct that the accused was found guilty of
committing of a nature to bring it within the liberty interest
identified by
the Supreme Court? Second, did the
conduct encompass any behavior or factors identified by the Supreme
Court as
outside the analysis in
Marcum,
60 M.J. at
206-07.
In
regard to the
first two prongs of this tripartite framework, we will assume without
deciding
that Stirewalt’s conduct falls within the
liberty
interest identified by the Supreme Court and does not encompass
behavior or
factors outside the
Stirewalt’s
conduct with [LTJG B] was more than
a personal consensual relationship in the privacy of an off-base
apartment. At the time of this
relationship, [LTJG B] was one of seven officers on the USCGC SWEETGUM,
a
cutter with a crew of only 42. The
conduct in question occurred between a commissioned department head and
her
subordinate enlisted crew member:
Romantic
relationships between members are unacceptable
when: (1) Members have a supervisor and
subordinate relationship . . ., or (2) Members are assigned to the same
small
shore unit (less than 60 members), or (3) Members are assigned to the
same
cutter . . . The nature of operations and personnel interactions on
cutters and
small shore units makes romantic relationships between members assigned
to such
units the equivalent of relationships in the chain of command and,
therefore,
unacceptable. This policy applies
regardless of rank, grade, or position.
Coast Guard Personnel Manual, para.
8.H.2.f. (change 26, 1988) (Unacceptable
Romantic
Relationships).
“Coast Guard policy prohibits the
following relationships or conduct, regardless of rank, grade, or
position of
the persons involved . . . Romantic relationships outside of marriage
between
commissioned officers and enlisted personnel.”
In Marcum, we noted that due
to concern for military mission accomplishment, "servicemembers,
as a general matter, do not share the same autonomy as civilians." Marcum, 60 M.J. at
206. We consider Stirewalt's zone of autonomy and liberty
interest in light
of the established Coast Guard regulations and the clear military
interests of
discipline and order that they reflect.
Based on this analysis, we conclude that Stirewalt's
conduct fell outside any protected liberty interest recognized
in
DECISION
The
decision of the United States Coast Guard Court of Criminal Appeals is
affirmed.
CRAWFORD, Chief Judge (concurring in part and
in the result):
I agree
with the result in this case but I “would reserve for another day the
questions
of whether and how
If
the facts and circumstances of Appellant’s case fit into one of the
enumerated
Thus,
I concur in part and in the result.
1 60 M.J. 198,
212 (C.A.A.F. 2004)(Crawford, C.J. (dissenting on Issue I and
concurring in the
result on Issue III).
4 The present case does
not “involve minors, it
does not involve persons who might be injured or coerced who are
situated in
relationships where consent might not easily be refused.”
Lawrence, 539