IN THE CASE OF
UNITED STATES, Appellee
v.
Terrence A. BETHEA, Master Sergeant
No. 05-0041
Crim. App. No. 35381
Argued
Decided
GIERKE, C.J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which CRAWFORD, EFFRON, BAKER, and ERDMANN, JJ., joined.
Counsel
For Appellant: Captain Christopher S. Morgan (argued); Colonel Carlos L. McDade, Major Terry L. McElyea, Major Sandra K. Whittington, and Major James M. Winner (on brief)
For Appellee: Major
Carrie E. Wolf (argued); Lieutenant Colonel Robert V. Combs,
Lieutenant
Colonel Gary F. Spencer, and Major Kevin P. Steins (on
brief)
Military Judge: David F. Brash
This opinion is subject to
revision before final publication.
Chief Judge GIERKE delivered the opinion of the Court.
Appellant’s urine sample tested positive for the metabolite of cocaine. A military magistrate then issued a search authorization to seize a hair sample from Appellant to test it for evidence of drug use. We conclude that the search authorization was supported by probable cause.
BACKGROUND
Appellant
was
tried by a general court-martial for a single specification alleging
use of
cocaine on divers occasions between
On
Following
this positive urinalysis result, an Air Force Office of Special
Investigations
(OSI) agent interviewed Appellant, who denied that he had knowingly
used
cocaine. OSI Special Agent (SA) Michael
Tanguay then sought authorization to seize a hair sample from Appellant
for
further testing. He presented an
affidavit to Yokota Air Base’s primary magistrate, Colonel Dale A. Hess. The affidavit described the results of
Appellant’s urinalysis. It
stated next that, based on SA
Tanguay’s training and information gathered from a forensic science
consultant
and the National Medical Services Laboratory, “affiant believes trace
amounts
of cocaine may be trapped in the cortex of BETHEA’s hair follicles.” The affidavit then went into greater detail to
support that conclusion, explaining that:
a. As the blood circulates through the
body, it nourishes the hair follicle. If
there are drugs in the blood, trace amounts of the drug become trapped
in the
internal portion of the hair, known as the cortex.
Those traces remain in the hair as it grows
out from the body. These are not removed
with routine hygienic washings nor are they flushed out.
Thus, chronic drug use, as well as a binge
use of a drug, can be detected for a period of up to several months,
depending
on the length of the hair sample.
The affidavit also described the scientific tests used to analyze hair for evidence of drug use. The affidavit then compared urine testing with hair testing:
c. While urine tests can determine whether a drug was used at least once within the recent past, hair analysis potentially provides information on a binge use or chronic drug use ranging from months, depending on the length of the hair and the type of hair.
d. Hair analysis is not subject to false negatives due to temporary abstention or excessive fluid intake. It is currently accepted that hair records drug use in chronological manner and in relative proportion to the amount consumed. The National Medical Services Laboratory can distinguish between heavy, medium and light drug users. Consequently, such hair analysis may be used to prove binge use as well as multiple and/or chronic use of controlled substances.
After spending approximately fifteen minutes with SA Tanguay, the military magistrate issued an authorization to seize from Appellant “[b]odily hair for the purposes of drug testing.” The resulting analysis indicated that Appellant had used cocaine on multiple occasions.
At trial, the defense moved to suppress the results of the hair analysis. The defense argued that the authorization to seize Appellant’s hair was not supported by probable cause.
During the suppression hearing, the military magistrate who authorized the search took the stand. Colonel Hess testified that “in my mind there was no doubt” probable cause existed. He stated that he was not “concerned about binge use. I was concerned about the fact that [Appellant] came up positive on urinalysis and I wanted confirmation.” He testified that “I knew . . . that the hair test would confirm whether or not he had used cocaine.” He indicated that this conclusion was “[b]ased on previous knowledge and experience” that the affidavit “confirmed.”
During the suppression hearing, OSI Special Agent (SA) Shannon Nuckols also testified. SA Nuckols was one of six OSI forensic science consultants. SA Nuckols testified that he did not know if hair analysis can detect “a specific single use.” But, SA Nuckols testified, a hair analysis will indicate “multiple uses over a period of time.” He later clarified that “binge or chronic use . . . would show up in hair.” He defined binge use as “numerous uses over a short period of time, 12, 24, 36 hours.” SA Nuckols also testified that “a positive urinalysis doesn’t necessarily show a single use. You can get multiple uses that show up in a urinalysis.” While SA Nuckols was on the stand, the military judge said, “I want to move back from the science a little bit and just talk sort of logic or common sense. Somebody pops positive on a urinalysis 30 days ago, is there a fair shot hair is going to be able to detect some drug?” SA Nuckols answered, “Yes, Sir.”
On cross-examination, the defense established that SA Nuckols had previously testified at the Article 32 investigation2 that “a single small use” of cocaine would not be detected by hair analysis. SA Nuckols then expanded, “[M]y experience and training is if I had to choose between the two methods, urinalysis and hair, if you’re looking for a single use, urinalysis would be better. And that typically hair shows chronic uses -— multiple uses.” SA Nuckols also agreed with the military judge that based on the DOD cutoff levels, a positive urinalysis is “equally consistent with the tail end of a binge use or . . . a very small use [a] short time prior to submission of the sample.”
The military judge denied the motion to suppress. He concluded that “the positive urinalysis alone, coupled with the information available to the magistrate, more than adequately demonstrates a reasonable likelihood that cocaine or a cocaine derivative will be found in the accused’s hair,” especially because the seizure would occur “within a month of the alleged use.” The military judge concluded that evidence derived from seizing the hair was admissible “even if the Magistrate operated under the assumption that the accused had only used cocaine on one occasion approximately two weeks before the requested search.” The military judge concluded that the “[m]agistrate relied upon information he had been provided which suggests that drug hair testing can detect a single drug use, albeit characterized as ‘binge.’” The military judge then observed that he was “convinced that it is more than reasonable to assume, based upon the contents of the affidavit, that hair drug testing can detect a . . . single drug use if the hair test is performed within two months of the alleged use, regardless of how that use may be characterized.”3
The military judge also found that “there was no evidence whatsoever, either direct or circumstantial,” that the requesting agents had intentionally or recklessly withheld relevant information from the military magistrate. The military judge then repeated that a hair analysis can detect “binge use,” which “can reasonably mean one or a series of large doses.” He concluded that SA Nuckols’s testimony and the affidavit itself “clearly” indicate that “a single use of cocaine can be detected by hair testing, particularly when the hair is seized within several months of the alleged use.”
The military judge also concluded in the alternative that, even if the search authorization had not been supported by probable cause, the evidence would be admissible under the good faith exception to the exclusionary rule.
The
Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed the military judge’s
ruling in an
unpublished opinion.4
The
DISCUSSION
This case concerns whether Appellant’s urinalysis results provided probable cause to support the seizure of a sample of his hair.
The affidavit presented to the military magistrate established that Appellant’s urine contained the metabolite that the body produces following the use of cocaine. Neither Appellant’s results in particular, nor positive urinalysis results in general, suggest whether the individual used a controlled substance once or more than once. So Appellant’s urinalysis results were equally consistent with a single use of cocaine or with multiple uses.
The affidavit that was before the military magistrate indicated only that hair analysis would detect “binge” or “chronic” use of a drug. Yet the military magistrate suggested and the military judge expressly stated that they believed hair analysis could detect a single use of cocaine. To decide this case, we need not engage in a semantic analysis of the meaning of “binge.” Even if that term is properly understood to refer only to multiple uses, we conclude for the reasons set forth below that Appellant’s urinalysis results provided probable cause to seize a sample of his hair.
A military judge’s determination of whether probable cause existed to support a search authorization is reviewed for an abuse of discretion.7 “The duty of a reviewing court is simply to ensure that the magistrate had a substantial basis for . . . conclud[ing] that probable cause existed.”8 “In reviewing probable cause determinations, courts must look at the information made known to the authorizing official at the time of his decision. The evidence must be considered in the light most favorable to the prevailing party.”9
“Probable cause to search exists when there is a reasonable belief that the person, property, or evidence sought is located in the place or on the person to be search[ed].”10 The test for probable cause is whether, under the “totality of the circumstances,” the magistrate had a “substantial basis” for determining that probable cause existed.11 A probable cause determination is a “practical, common-sense decision whether, given all the circumstances set forth in the affidavit before him, including the ‘veracity’ and ‘basis of knowledge’ of persons supplying hearsay information, there is a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found in a particular place.”12
The
Supreme Court has emphasized that “probable cause is a flexible,
common-sense
standard.”13
A probable cause determination merely
requires that a person “of reasonable caution” could believe that the
search
may reveal evidence of a crime; “it does not demand any showing that
such a
belief be correct or more likely true than false.”14 So even
though “people often use ‘probable’
to mean ‘more likely than not,’ probable cause does not require a
showing that
an event is more than 50% likely.”15
When
evaluated under this standard, the
affidavit provided the military magistrate with a substantial basis for
concluding that there was probable cause to authorize the seizure of
Appellant’s hair. The urinalysis results
were consistent with, though not necessarily indicative of, multiple
uses of
cocaine. The information presented to
the military magistrate indicated that an analysis of Appellant’s hair
would
detect multiple uses of cocaine. So it
was as likely as not that evidence of cocaine use would be found in
Appellant’s
hair. That degree of likelihood more
than satisfies the probable cause standard.
In
light of our holding that there was a
substantial basis for finding probable cause, we need not consider
whether the
military judge and the Air Force Court were correct when they
determined that
even absent probable cause, the evidence would have nevertheless been
admissible under the exclusionary rule’s good faith exception.
DECISION
The decision of the
United States Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals is affirmed.
1 10 U.S.C.
§ 912a (2000).
2 See Article 32, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 832 (2000).
3 We caution
that we express no opinion as to the correctness of the military
judge’s
interpretation of “binge” or the accuracy of the military judge’s
characterization of the ability of hair analysis to detect a single use
of a
controlled substance.
4 United States v. Bethea, No. ACM
35381, 2004 CCA LEXIS 175, 2004 WL 1725024 (A.F.
Ct. Crim. App. July 20, 2004).
5 2004 CCA LEXIS 175, at *5, 2004 WL 1725024, at *2.
6 2004 CCA
LEXIS 175, at *5-*6, 2004 WL 1725024, at *2 (citing United States
v. Pond,
36 M.J. 1050, 1059 (A.F.C.M.R. 1993)).
7
8
9
10 Military
Rule of Evidence 315(f)(2).
11
13
14
15 United
States v. Olson, No. 03-CR-51-S, 2003 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 24607, at
*16, 2003
WL 23120024, at *5 (W.D.